"bedriegen" meaning in Middle Dutch

See bedriegen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Verb

Etymology: From Old Dutch bidriegan, from Proto-West Germanic *bidreugan. Equivalent to be- + driegen. Etymology templates: {{root|dum|ine-pro|*dʰrewgʰ-|id=deceive}}, {{inh|dum|odt|bidriegan}} Old Dutch bidriegan, {{inh|dum|gmw-pro|*bidreugan}} Proto-West Germanic *bidreugan, {{affix|dum|be-|driegen}} be- + driegen Head templates: {{head|dum|verb|cat2=|head=|head2=|sort=}} bedriegen, {{dum-verb}} bedriegen Inflection templates: {{dum-conj-st|bedrieg|bedrôg|bedrōg|bedrōgen|class=2}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], bedriegen [error-unrecognized-form, infinitive], bedriegens [genitive, infinitive], bedriegene [dative, infinitive], bedriege [first-person, indicative, present, singular], bedrôoch [first-person, indicative, past, singular], bedriege [first-person, present, singular, subjunctive], bedrōge [first-person, past, singular, subjunctive], bedriechs [indicative, present, second-person, singular], bedrieges [indicative, present, second-person, singular], bedrōochs [indicative, past, second-person, singular], bedrōges [indicative, past, second-person, singular], bedriechs [present, second-person, singular, subjunctive], bedrieges [present, second-person, singular, subjunctive], bedrōges [past, second-person, singular, subjunctive], bedriecht [indicative, present, singular, third-person], bedrieget [indicative, present, singular, third-person], bedrôoch [indicative, past, singular, third-person], bedriege [present, singular, subjunctive, third-person], bedrōge [past, singular, subjunctive, third-person], bedriegen [first-person, indicative, plural, present], bedrōgen [first-person, indicative, past, plural], bedriegen [first-person, plural, present, subjunctive], bedrōgen [first-person, past, plural, subjunctive], bedriecht [indicative, plural, present, second-person], bedrieget [indicative, plural, present, second-person], bedrōocht [indicative, past, plural, second-person], bedrōget [indicative, past, plural, second-person], bedriecht [plural, present, second-person, subjunctive], bedrieget [plural, present, second-person, subjunctive], bedrōget [past, plural, second-person, subjunctive], bedriegen [indicative, plural, present, third-person], bedrōgen [indicative, past, plural, third-person], bedriegen [plural, present, subjunctive, third-person], bedrōgen [past, plural, subjunctive, third-person], bedriech [imperative, indicative, present, singular], bedriege [imperative, indicative, present, singular], bedriecht [imperative, indicative, plural, present], bedrieget [imperative, indicative, plural, present], bedriegende [imperative, participle, present], bedrōgen [imperative, participle, past]
  1. to deceive, to mislead
    Sense id: en-bedriegen-dum-verb-eX48Af7W
  2. to tempt
    Sense id: en-bedriegen-dum-verb-Eg0kB2jX
  3. to disappoint
    Sense id: en-bedriegen-dum-verb-UzKGRLnY
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: bedriegelijc, bedriegenisse, bedriegere, bedrieginge

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "bedriegelijc"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "bedriegenisse"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "bedriegere"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "bedrieginge"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Afrikaans",
          "lang_code": "af",
          "word": "bedrieg"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Afrikaans",
          "lang_code": "af",
          "word": "bedrieë"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Negerhollands",
          "lang_code": "dcr",
          "word": "bedrieg"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Negerhollands",
          "lang_code": "dcr",
          "word": "bidrig"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Aukan",
          "lang_code": "djk",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "bidiigi"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Sranan Tongo",
          "lang_code": "srn",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "bedrigi"
        },
        {
          "lang": "West Frisian",
          "lang_code": "fy",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "bedrige"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "lang_code": "nl",
      "word": "bedriegen"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Limburgish",
      "lang_code": "li",
      "word": "bedrege"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
        "id": "deceive"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "odt",
        "3": "bidriegan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Dutch bidriegan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*bidreugan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *bidreugan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "be-",
        "3": "driegen"
      },
      "expansion": "be- + driegen",
      "name": "affix"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old Dutch bidriegan, from Proto-West Germanic *bidreugan. Equivalent to be- + driegen.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dum-conj-st",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriegen",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriegens",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriegene",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriege",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrôoch",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriege",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrōge",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriechs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrieges",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrōochs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrōges",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriechs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrieges",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrōges",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriecht",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrieget",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrôoch",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriege",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrōge",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriegen",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrōgen",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriegen",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrōgen",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriecht",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrieget",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrōocht",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrōget",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriecht",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrieget",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrōget",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriegen",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrōgen",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriegen",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrōgen",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriech",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriege",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriecht",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrieget",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriegende",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrōgen",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "verb",
        "cat2": "",
        "head": "",
        "head2": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "bedriegen",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "bedriegen",
      "name": "dum-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bedrieg",
        "2": "bedrôg",
        "3": "bedrōg",
        "4": "bedrōgen",
        "class": "2"
      },
      "name": "dum-conj-st"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle Dutch",
  "lang_code": "dum",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to deceive, to mislead"
      ],
      "id": "en-bedriegen-dum-verb-eX48Af7W",
      "links": [
        [
          "deceive",
          "deceive"
        ],
        [
          "mislead",
          "mislead"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to tempt"
      ],
      "id": "en-bedriegen-dum-verb-Eg0kB2jX",
      "links": [
        [
          "tempt",
          "tempt"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to disappoint"
      ],
      "id": "en-bedriegen-dum-verb-UzKGRLnY",
      "links": [
        [
          "disappoint",
          "disappoint"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "bedriegen"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Middle Dutch class 2 strong verbs",
    "Middle Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle Dutch lemmas",
    "Middle Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch",
    "Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Middle Dutch terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰrewgʰ- (deceive)",
    "Middle Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch",
    "Middle Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Middle Dutch terms prefixed with be-",
    "Middle Dutch verbs",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "bedriegelijc"
    },
    {
      "word": "bedriegenisse"
    },
    {
      "word": "bedriegere"
    },
    {
      "word": "bedrieginge"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Afrikaans",
          "lang_code": "af",
          "word": "bedrieg"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Afrikaans",
          "lang_code": "af",
          "word": "bedrieë"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Negerhollands",
          "lang_code": "dcr",
          "word": "bedrieg"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Negerhollands",
          "lang_code": "dcr",
          "word": "bidrig"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Aukan",
          "lang_code": "djk",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "bidiigi"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Sranan Tongo",
          "lang_code": "srn",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "bedrigi"
        },
        {
          "lang": "West Frisian",
          "lang_code": "fy",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "bedrige"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "lang_code": "nl",
      "word": "bedriegen"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Limburgish",
      "lang_code": "li",
      "word": "bedrege"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
        "id": "deceive"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "odt",
        "3": "bidriegan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Dutch bidriegan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*bidreugan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *bidreugan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "be-",
        "3": "driegen"
      },
      "expansion": "be- + driegen",
      "name": "affix"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old Dutch bidriegan, from Proto-West Germanic *bidreugan. Equivalent to be- + driegen.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dum-conj-st",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriegen",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriegens",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriegene",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriege",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrôoch",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriege",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrōge",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriechs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrieges",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrōochs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrōges",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriechs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrieges",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrōges",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriecht",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrieget",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrôoch",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriege",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrōge",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriegen",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrōgen",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriegen",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrōgen",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriecht",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrieget",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrōocht",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrōget",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriecht",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrieget",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrōget",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriegen",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrōgen",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriegen",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrōgen",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriech",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriege",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriecht",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrieget",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedriegende",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bedrōgen",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "verb",
        "cat2": "",
        "head": "",
        "head2": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "bedriegen",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "bedriegen",
      "name": "dum-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bedrieg",
        "2": "bedrôg",
        "3": "bedrōg",
        "4": "bedrōgen",
        "class": "2"
      },
      "name": "dum-conj-st"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle Dutch",
  "lang_code": "dum",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to deceive, to mislead"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "deceive",
          "deceive"
        ],
        [
          "mislead",
          "mislead"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to tempt"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "tempt",
          "tempt"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to disappoint"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "disappoint",
          "disappoint"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "bedriegen"
}

Download raw JSONL data for bedriegen meaning in Middle Dutch (6.9kB)

{
  "called_from": "inflection/865",
  "msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: bedriegen/Middle Dutch 'base form' base_tags={'infinitive'}",
  "path": [
    "bedriegen"
  ],
  "section": "Middle Dutch",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "bedriegen",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle Dutch dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-05-27 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-05-01 using wiktextract (4997730 and 9380997). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.